Fuel Cells, Photovoltaics, Dispersed Generation, and Energy Storage

A worldwide standard for narrowband power line communications (PLC) via alternating current, direct current, and nonenergized electric power lines using frequencies below 500 kHz. Data rates of up to 500 kb/s are supported. The field of use includes Smart Grid applications. Coexistence mechanisms that can be used by other PLC technologies operating below 500 kHz are also included. These coexistence mechanisms may be used separately from the rest of the standard

Design considerations and procedures for storage, location, mounting, ventilation, assembly, and maintenance of lead-acid storage batteries for photovoltaic power systems are provided in this standard. Safety precautions and instrumentation considerations are also included. Even though general recommended practices are covered, battery manufacturers may provide specific instructions for battery installation and maintenance.

Applications of electric energy storage equipment and systems (ESS) for electric power systems (EPSs) are covered. Testing items and procedures, including type test, production test, installation evaluation, commissioning test at site, and periodic test, are provided in order to verify whether ESS applied in EPSs meet the safety and reliability requirements of the EPS. Grid operators, ESS manufactures, and ESS operators are for whom this standard is established.

Application of this standard includes: (1) Stationary battery energy storage system (BESS) and mobile BESS; (2) Carrier of BESS, including but not limited to lead acid battery, lithiumion battery, flow battery, and sodium-sulfur battery; (3) BESS used in electric power systems (EPS). Also provided in this standard are alternatives for connection (including DR interconnection), design, operation, and maintenance of stationary or mobile BESS used in EPS. Introduction, overview, and engineering issues related to the BESS are given.

This guide applies the smart grid interoperability reference model (SGIRM) process (IEEE Std 2030™-2011) to energy storage by highlighting the information relevant to energy storage system (ESS) interoperability with the energy power system (EPS). The process can be applied to ESS applications located on customer premises, at the distribution level, and on the transmission level (i.e., bulk storage). This guide provides useful industry-derived definitions for ESS characteristics, applications, and terminology that, in turn, simplify the task of defining system information and communications technology (ICT) requirements. As a result. these requirements can be communicated more clearly and consistently in project specifications. This guide also presents a methodology that can be used for most common ESS projects to describe the power system, communications, and information technology (IT) perspectives based on the IEEE 2030™ definitions. From this framework, a seemingly complex system can be more clearly understood by all project stakeholders. Emerging cybersecurity requirements can also be incorporated into the framework as appropriate. Additionally, this guide provides the templates that can be used to develop requirements for an ESS project and goes through several real-world ESS project examples step by step.

This guide is specifically prepared for a PV/engine generator hybrid power system, but may also be applicable to all hybrid power systems where there is at least one renewable power source, such as PV, and a dispatchable power source, such as an engine generator. Taper-charge parameters for PV hybrid systems are suggested to help in preparing the battery for a capacity test. A test procedure is provided to ensure appropriate data acquisition, battery characterization, and capacity measurements. Finally, a process to review test results and make appropriate decisions regarding the battery is provided. No cycle-life predictions are made.

A method for properly sizing the PV array and battery for stand-alone PV systems where PV is the only charging source is recommended (in conjunction with IEEE Std 1013(TM)). Load calculations and determination of solar radiation in the sizing of the system need special attention. Additionally, the critical nature of the load in deciding an acceptable annual availability needs to be considered.

This guide is applicable to lead-acid batteries that are used as the energy storage component in remote hybrid power supplies. The remote hybrid application, with its dual generator option, i.e., both renewable and dispatchable generation, is advantageous in that the battery can usually be charged at will and under circumstances that may also be advantageous for the dispatchable generator.

Tests to determine the performance of stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) systems and for verifying PV system design are presented in this recommended practice. These tests apply only to complete systems with a defined load. Performance testing is conducted outdoors under prevailing conditions over a period of about one month. The tests are intended to assist designers, manufacturers, system integrators, system users, and laboratories that will conduct the tests. System safety and component reliability issues are not addressed in this recommended practice.

This guide is applicable to all stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) systems where PV is the only charging source. Stand-alone PV system parameters and operating conditions are discussed in relation to battery characteristics and expected system performance. Charging parameters for PV systems are suggested to help in the selection of a battery for a specific application. Finally, a performance test to verify the battery selection and system parameters is provided, including discussions on how to interpret test results. Test results only provide information on initial battery performance. No cycle-life predictions are made.