EMC - Low Frequency Phenomena

IEC TR 61000-4-37:2016 outlines a typical test procedure for harmonic analysis in systems comprising tests apparatus designed to comply with IEC 61000-4-7, and products designed to comply with IEC 61000-3-2 and/or IEC 61000-3-12. The test procedure is intended to provide a systematic guidance suitable for use by manufacturers, end users, independent test laboratories and other bodies, for the purpose of determining the applicable compliance status within a wide range of harmonic current emissions. It is not intended as a replacement for type testing of harmonic analyzers, nor does it check all of the parameters specified in IEC 61000-4-7, IEC 61000-3-2, and IEC 61000-3-12. This publication contains attached files in the form of an xls document and a user guide. These files are intended to be used as a complement and do not form an integral part of the standard.

This part of IEC 61000 provides guidance on principles which can be used as the basis for determining the requirements for the connection of fluctuating installations to MV, HV and EHV public power systems (LV installations are covered in other IEC documents). For the purposes of this report, a fluctuating installation means an installation (which may be a load or a generator) that produces voltage flicker and / or rapid voltage changes. The primary objective is to provide guidance to system operators or owners on engineering practices which will facilitate the provision of adequate service quality for all connected customers. In addressing installations, this document is not intended to replace equipment standards for emission limits. This report addresses the allocation of the capacity of the system to absorb disturbances. It does not address how to mitigate disturbances, nor does it address how the capacity of the system can be increased. Since the guidelines outlined in this report are necessarily based on certain simplifying assumptions, there is no guarantee that this approach will always provide the optimum solution for all flicker situations. The recommended approach should be used with flexibility and engineering judgment as far as engineering is concerned, when applying the given assessment procedures in full or in part. The system operator or owner is responsible for specifying requirements for the connection of fluctuating installations to the system. The fluctuating installation is to be understood as the customer's complete installation (i.e. including fluctuating and non fluctuating parts). Problems related to voltage fluctuations fall into two basic categories:
- Flicker effect from light sources as a result of voltage fluctuations;
- Rapid voltage changes even within the normal operational voltage tolerances are considered as a disturbing phenomenon.
The report gives guidance for the coordination of the flicker emissions between different voltage levels in order to meet the compatibility levels at the point of utilisation. This report primarily focuses on controlling or limiting flicker, but a clause is included to address the limitation of rapid voltage changes. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1996 and constitutes a technical revision. This new edition is significantly more streamlined than the original technical report (Edition 1), and reflects the experiences gained in the application of the first edition. This technical report has also been harmonised with IEC/TR 61000-3-6 and IEC/TR 61000-3-13. This Technical Report has the status of a basic EMC publication in accordance with IEC Guide 107.

This Technical Report, which is informative in its nature, provides guidance on principles which can be used as the basis for determining the requirements for the connection of distorting installations to MV, HV and EHV public power systems (LV installations are covered in other IEC documents). For the purposes of this report, a distorting installation means an installation (which may be a load or a generator) that produces harmonics and/or interharmonics. The primary objective is to provide guidance to system operators or owners on engineering practices, which will facilitate the provision of adequate service quality for all connected customers. In addressing installations, this document is not intended to replace equipment standards for emission limits. The report addresses the allocation of the capacity of the system to absorb disturbances. It does not address how to mitigate disturbances, nor does it address how the capacity of the system can be increased. Since the guidelines outlined in this report are necessarily based on certain simplifying assumptions, there is no guarantee that this approach will always provide the optimum solution for all harmonic situations. The recommended approach should be used with flexibility and judgment as far as engineering is concerned, when applying the given assessment procedures in full or in part. The system operator or owner is responsible for specifying requirements for the connection of distorting installations to the system. The distorting installation is to be understood as the customer's complete installation (i.e. including distorting and non-distorting parts). Problems related to harmonics fall into two basic categories:
/ - Harmonic currents that are injected into the supply system by converters and harmonic sources, giving rise to harmonic voltages in the system. Both harmonic currents and resulting voltages can be considered as conducted phenomena.
- Harmonic currents that induce interference into communication systems. This phenomenon is more pronounced at higher order harmonic frequencies because of increased coupling between the circuits and because of the higher sensitivity of the communication circuits in the audible range.
This report gives guidance for the co-ordination of the harmonic voltages between different voltage levels in order to meet the compatibility levels at the point of utilisation. The recommendations in this report do not address harmonic interference phenomena in communication circuits (i.e. only the first of the above categories is addressed). This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1996 and constitutes a technical revision. This edition is significantly more streamlined than first edition, and it reflects the experiences gained in the application of the first edition. As part of this streamlining process, this second edition of IEC/TR 61000-3-6 does not address communications circuit interference. Clause 9 on this (section 10) was removed, as this did not suitably address emission limits for telephone interference. The scope has been adjusted to point out that IEC/TR 61000-3-6 does not address communications circuit interference. This edition has also been harmonised with IEC/TR 61000-3-7 and IEC/TR 61000-3-13. This Technical Report has the status of a basic EMC publication in accordance with IEC Guide 107.

IEC/TR 61000-3-15:2011(E) is concerned with the critical assessment of existing and emerging national and international standards for single and multi-phase dispersed generation systems up to 75 A per phase, particularly converters connected to the public supply low voltage network. This Technical Report intends to serve as a starting point and to ultimately pave the way for the definition of appropriate EMC requirements and test conditions. This Technical Report is limited to EMC issues (immunity and emission) up to 9 kHz and does not include other aspects of connection of generators to the grid. This Technical Report focuses on emission caused by distributed generation (mainly harmonics and inter-harmonics, DC emissions flicker, rapid voltage changes and fluctuations), as well as immunity aspects to normally occurring events in the public supply network (voltage dips and short interruptions, frequency variations, harmonics and interharmonics). Every effort has been made to utilize already existing emission and immunity standards, including the test set-up and existing test equipment in use.

IEC/TR 61000-3-14:2011(E) is a Technical Report which provides guidance on principles that can be used as the basis for determining the requirements for the connection of disturbing installations to low voltage (LV) public power systems. For the purposes of this part of IEC 61000, a disturbing installation means an installation (which may be a load or a generator) that produces disturbances: harmonics and/or interharmonics, voltage flicker and/or rapid voltage changes, and/or voltage unbalance. The primary objective is to provide guidance to system operators or owners for engineering practices, which will facilitate the provision of adequate service quality for all connected customer installations. In addressing installations, this report is not intended to replace equipment standards for emission limits. This report addresses the allocation of the capacity of the system to absorb disturbances. It does not address how to mitigate disturbances, nor does it address how the capacity of the system can be increased.

This part of IEC 61000 provides guidance on principles which can be used as the basis for determining the requirements for the connection of unbalanced installations (i.e. three-phase installations causing voltage unbalance) to MV, HV and EHV public power systems (LV installations are covered in other IEC documents). For the purposes of this report, an unbalanced installation means a three-phase installation (which may be a load or a generator) that produces voltage unbalance on the system. The connection of single-phase installations is not specifically addressed, as the connection of such installations is under the control of the system operator or owner. The general principles however may be adapted when considering the connection of single-phase installations. The primary objective is to provide guidance to system operators or owners on engineering practices, which will facilitate the provision of adequate service quality for all connected customers. In addressing installations, this document is not intended to replace equipment standards for emission limits. The report addresses the allocation of the capacity of the system to absorb disturbances. It does not address how to mitigate disturbances, nor does it address how the capacity of the system can be increased. Since the guidelines outlined in this report are necessarily based on certain simplifying assumptions, there is no guarantee that this approach will always provide the optimum solution for all unbalanced load situations. The recommended approach should be used with flexibility and judgment as far as engineering is concerned, when applying the given assessment procedures in full or in part. The system operator or owner is responsible for specifying requirements for the connection of installations which may cause unbalance on the system. The disturbing installation is to be understood as the complete customer's installation (i.e. including balanced and unbalanced parts). Problems related to unbalance fall into two basic categories.
- Unbalanced installations that draw negative-sequence currents which produce negative-sequence voltages on the supply system. Examples of such installations include arc furnaces and traction loads (typically connected to the public network at HV), and three phase installations where the individual loads are not balanced (typically connected at MV and LV). Negative-sequence voltage superimposed onto the terminal voltage of rotating machines can produce additional heat losses. Negative-sequence voltage can also cause non-characteristic harmonics (typically positive-sequence 3rd harmonic) to be produced by power converters.
- Unbalanced installations connected line-to-neutral can also draw zero-sequence currents which can be transferred or not into the supply system depending on the type of connection of the coupling transformer. The flow of zero-sequence currents in a grounded neutral system causes zero-sequence unbalance affecting line-to-neutral voltages. This is not normally controlled by setting emission limits, but rather by system design and maintenance. Ungrounded-neutral systems and phase-to-phase connected installations are not, however, affected by this kind of voltage unbalance. This report gives guidance only for the coordination of the negative-sequence type of voltage unbalance between different voltage levels in order to meet the compatibility levels at the point of utilisation. No compatibility levels are defined for zero-sequence type of voltage unbalance as this is often considered as being less relevant to the coordination of unbalance levels compared to the first type of voltage unbalance. However, for situations where a non-zero impedance exists between neutral and earth with the system still being effectively grounded (i.e., where the ratio between zero-sequence, X0 and positive sequence reactance X1 is 0 < X0/X1 = 3), this type of voltage unbalance can be of concern especially when the type of connection of the coupling transformer allows zero-sequence path to flow from MV to LV and vice-versa. This Technical Report has the status of a basic EMC publication in accordance with IEC Guide 107. The contents of the corrigendum of April 2010 have been included in this copy.

IEC 61000-6-5:2015 specifies EMC immunity requirements which apply to electrical and electronic equipment intended for use in power stations and substations. Immunity requirements for electromagnetic phenomena with spectral contributions in the frequency range 0 Hz to 400 GHz are covered. This first edition cancels and replaces the first edition of IEC TS 61000-6-5 published in 2001. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
The contents of the corrigendum of December 2017 have been included in this copy.

IEC 61000-4-7:2002+A1:2008 applies to instrumentation intended for measuring spectral components in the frequency range up to 9 kHz which are superimposed on the fundamental of the power supply systems at 50 Hz and 60 Hz. For practical considerations, this standard distinguishes between harmonics, interharmonics and other components above the harmonic frequency range, up to 9 kHz. Defines the measurement instrumentation intended for testing individual items of equipment in accordance with emission limits given in certain standards (for example, harmonic current limits as given in IEC 61000-3-2) as well as for the measurement of harmonic currents and voltages in actual supply systems. The contents of the corrigendum of July 2004 have been included in this copy. This consolidated version consists of the second edition (2002) and its amendment 1 (2008). Therefore, no need to order amendment in addition to this publication.

IEC 61000-4-36:2020 is available as IEC 61000-4-36:2020 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.

IEC 61000-4-36:2020 provides methods to determine test levels for the assessment of the immunity of equipment and systems to intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI) sources. It introduces the general IEMI problem, IEMI source parameters, derivation of test limits and summarises practical test methods. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2014. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
- addition of a hyperband and mesoband radiated transients immunity test method in
- Annex H;
- addition of a calibration method of sensors for radiated hyperband and mesoband transient fields and measurement uncertainty in Annex I.